Aceh tsunami earthquake is the world's greatest earthquake first before the Japanese took many victims, property and so forth. Earthquake extraordinary that almost devastating lantahkan hundreds of homes affected communities directly earthquake-tsunami, which caused the building shaking dozens of buildings - storey concrete building was destroyed. Generally, earthquakes occur in offshore areas and some residential areas of society. For that to anticipate the occurrence of earthquakes and elimination of losses when an earthquake takes an engineering and construction in building an earthquake-resistant buildings.
Causes of houses or buildings are not resistant to earthquakes include:
1. The foundation stone paired with a diameter of 6-8 mm iron anchors every 1-1.5 m. long
2. The depth of the foundation beam (Sloof) made entry into the soil or minus 10-25 cm and the ground floor (± 0.00).
3. The column used was a practical column store-bought materials. Mi column is not eligible for earthquake resistant buildings.
4. Casting the column done in stages if the couple bricks have reached a height of 1 m. Done casting with no apparent mixing ratio between cement, sand, and split, especially if all the materials supplied by the contractor so that the process is difficult to see its quality.
5. There is no installation of iron anchors on the column for a couple brick walls.
6. Brick walls are not plastered and not diaci.
7. Ring beam sometimes installed and sometimes it is not installed.
8. Ring beam only on the couple boarded wall.
9. The relationship between the ring beam with horses from a roof.
PRlNSlP-PRlNSIP MAJOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION
1. Plan a simple and symmetrical
Investigation of damage caused by the earthquake showed the importance of building a simple layout and structural elements resisting horizontal forces are symmetrical. Such structures can withstand earthquake forces Iebih either because of lack of effect of torque and a more equitable strength.
2. Building materials should be as light as possible
Often, therefore ketersedianya certain building materials. Architects and Bachelor SipiI must use a heavy building materials, but if possible you should wear a lightweight building materials. This is because the magnitude quake inertial load is proportional to the weight of building materials. For example, tile roof covering over the wooden horses produce horizontal seismic load for 3 x load quake generated by closing the tin roof above the wooden horses. Similarly, the pair menghasiIkan brick wall at 15 x seismic earthquake load generated by the timber wall.
3. The need for load restraint system of adequate construction
In order for a building to withstand earthquakes, seismic inertial forces must be transmitted from each structural element to the main structure honisontal style which then move these forces to the foundation and the ground. It is very important that the main structure retaining the horizontal force that is chewy. Because, if the elastic force is exceeded, brittle failure that suddenly will not happen, but at certain places occurred prior dulu.Suatu Ieleh example is deformed nails on a wooden stick before the collapse occurred due to bending moment on batangnya.Cara where these forces flow is usually called the path gaya.Tiap Iintasan every building must have adequate force trajectory path to be able to withstand earthquake forces horisosontal.Untuk give a clear picture, here given an example of a simple house with three main points to be discussed is the roof structure, wall structure and foundations. Indonesian territory includes areas that have a high level of earthquake risk earthquake areas diseIuruh among some of the world. Recent data are successfully recorded shows that on average every ten tehun happen earthquake activity that resulted in substantial damage in Indonesia. Most occur in the offshore area and partly in the area pemukiman.Pada quite a dense residential area, there needs to be a protection to decrease mortality of the population and severe damage due to earthquake shocks.
The main thing and should be considered in making buildings earthquake resistant:
1. Roof structure
If there is no stiffener rods (bracing) on weight-bearing roof structures earthquake in the X direction then the collapse will occur. Stiffener rod system that is required is shown in the figure below: If the width of the building is greater than the width of the building on it may take 2 or 3 stalks stiffener on each ujungnya.Dengan note that this recognition should be a continuous system so that all styles can be streamed through the trunks of tersebut.Gaya-style rings are then flowed into the ring beam at an altitude ceiling of langit.Gaya-style rings and rods load perpendicular to the field at the wall produces bending moments in the ring beam as shown in the figure below: If the length of the wall in the width direction (short direction) hesar more than 4 meters it is necessary to stem horizontal rings at an angle to move a load of sticks on the field of vertical stiffener Emitter wall at X whereby elemnen-structural elements that resist seismic loads .. Once again the main ring beam must also be continuous along the wall in the direction of X and Y direction As a substitute for the use of diagonal stiffeners stems at an angle, there are 2 (two) alternatives to choose from planner;
A. Size of ring beam can be enlarged in the horizontal direction, for example 15 cm to 30cm or according to required in the calculation. Bolok Ring is mounted on a wall in the direction X.
B. Ceiling used as a diaphragm, such as plywood.
For earthquake loading direction Y, the system structure made to prevent range collapse. To drain the force from the roof to the wall in the direction of Y, one of the above alternatives can be selected that is the use of stem horizontal rings or wear ring beam ceiling as the diaphragm.
AksiaI styles in the ring beam to be stifled by a brick wall dinding.Pada these forces detained by the diagonal compression force outlined a compression force and tensile force. AksiaI style that works on the ring beam also can cause rotary motion in the wall. This round was detained by the weight of its own walls, roofs of heavy work on it and ties pondasi.Jika Sloof to bolster greater moment than the moment of the holder, the length of the wall should be another diperbesar.Kemungkinan memperkaku diaphragm wall is a system of using plywood, particle board or the like, or diagonal stiffeners wood for walls bilik.Penggunaan diaphragm wall is more advisable because there is often difficulty to obtain a better connection at the end of stiffener system diagonal.Beban earthquake acting on the direction of the Y was detained in the same way with the direction X. Sebagal main structural system which wall must be able to withstand earthquake loads in the direction of the field wall, the wall must also be able to withstand earthquakes in a direction perpendicular field wall .. For this reason, the brick wall (without reinforcement) should be reinforced with practical field with a short distance away. As a practical substitute for this column can be used wooden poles.
3. Foundation structure
Foundation structure is very important role to move the load from the wall into tanah.Pertama earthquake, the foundation must be able to resist the vertical gravity and the load from the wall. This means Sloof receive shear forces and bending moments as the latest styles Iintasan path before these forces reach tanah.Akhirnya Sloof move forces into the flat on the ground who was arrested by the carrying capacity of soil and ground pressure lateral.Rumah made of wood with wood floors and wood foundation requires a rod stiffeners to prevent collapse.
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